Capan-2 is a well-characterized human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell line originally derived from a liver metastatic lesion of a 56-year-old male patient with pancreatic cancer. This cell line retains well-differentiated ductal epithelial morphology, expresses pancreatic cancer-associated biomarkers such as CA19-9 and MUC1, and carries oncogenic KRAS mutation, which closely recapitulates the molecular and pathological features of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The subcutaneous xenograft mouse model established with Capan-2 cells is a widely accepted preclinical in vivo model for pancreatic cancer research, extensively applied in anti-tumor drug screening, targeted therapy evaluation, chemoresistance research and nanoparticle delivery system validation. Compared with highly aggressive pancreatic cancer cell lines such as MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1, Capan-2 exhibits slower and more stable in vivo growth kinetics, making it particularly suitable for long-term pharmacodynamic studies and chronic drug toxicity assessment.
Immunodeficient BALB/c nude mice lack mature functional T lymphocytes and cannot mount effective cellular immune rejection against human-derived tumor xenografts. After harvesting Capan-2 cells in logarithmic growth phase and preparing a single-cell suspension, the suspension is subcutaneously inoculated into the dorsal flank of recipient mice. Tumor cells progressively proliferate and recruit host stromal vasculature in subcutaneous tissue, eventually forming solid tumor masses with desmoplastic features. By regularly measuring tumor volume, body weight and survival status, researchers can quantitatively assess in vivo tumor growth kinetics and evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of test compounds, biological agents or combination regimens.

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